KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.14 No.2 Diversity in Sports

Yukichi Fukuzawa placed emphasis on health and was himself an individual who engaged in high amount of physical activity. Therefore, Keio University has placed emphasis on the health and physical activity of its students since the early years of its founding. Keio Athletic Association was founded in 1892 and the various clubs have largely contributed to the development of sports in Japan. Additionally, the Waseda-Keio Baseball Games have played a major role in cultivating the Japanese sports culture and the student culture for both Waseda University and Keio University. Sports in Keio University have been preserved and developed due to the efforts of Shinzo Koizumi and a lot of alumni. In recent years, research and educational facilities regarding sports have further expanded and the roles it plays have become more extensive.

From the early 21st century, the state-of-the-art image and sensor technologies have been adopted as the referee's judge in the sporting competitions including the Olympic Games. Those technologies sometimes made competition rules change, then the tactics of which the athletes behave in the competition have been also changed. As for the sensor technology, especially the inertial sensor has been developed rapidly with its size, weight and function of the wireless connectivity, etc.. Therefore, such a small sensing devices now contribute to assess the player's skill quantitatively. In this paper, the author would like to discuss the trend of the"Evidence-Based Sports", which means "Evidence-Based Sports Judgement / Coaching and Training" and forecast the future sports. In 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Game, we shall have an evidence of unknown knowledge from the huge quantitative sensing database of the sports skill or players' behavior. Also competition rule will have a possibility of its change by the wireless sensing technologies. The purpose of this paper is the forecasting the future sports environment which would be changed by the progress of the technology and providing the effect of the athletes, coaches and audience.

Expert performers are almost routinely able to cope with severe constraints and can consistently demonstrate superior performance. The purpose of this paper is to review the research and the currently accepted framework for studying expert performance and to consider implications for research in the area of perceptualmotor expertise in sport. Initially, I highlight methodologies such as eye movement recording that can be used to identify the mechanisms which mediate experts' superior performance in perceptual-motor skills. I note next that the expert performance approach presents a descriptive and inductive approach for the systematic study of expert performance. The contribution of these researches and the relevance of expert performance approach are discussed and suggestions for future work highlighted.

The topic of this thesis is coaching in sports. Its purpose is to study the making of rules for a team in order to win in games that have contingent factors by considering the dilemmas that coaches and athletes face. Dilemmas between athletes or between athletes and coaches can be formulated by using the Prisoner's Dilemma of game theory. This can help in developing coaching that effectively takes into consideration the management of complex human relationships. In creating the internal rules within a team it is important to differentiate between the formal rules that reinforce the coach's authority and the informal rules created through interaction between athletes.

A neuromuscular and a proprioceptive training program in prevention injuries in athletes is the field where the discussion has just started and is needed further progression. Discussion of a careful selection of a really necessary program, scientific evidence, adaptation by sports and optimal time and frequency of exercise is needed in future. Now we are developing a wearable device with small accelerometer and gyroscope. We hope it will be used for affirmation of a form and correction of the movement that is easy to cause sports injuries.

Strong evidence shows that physical inactivity increases the risk of many adverse health conditions, including major non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and breast and colon cancers, and shortens life expectancy. In addition, because the proportion of inactive people is large, promoting physical activity should be high-priority public health issue. Japanese official physical activity guidelines for health promotion (Active Guide), formulated in 2013, recommend to accumulate moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 60 min for 18-64 years, and any physical activities at least 40 min for 65 years or more. I showed how to use Active Guide and the trial that we are working on in Fujisawa city.

In this paper, we focus on support community formations for local sports promotions. Support community formations promoted by local sports organizations to provide promotional opportunities for local sports events are important. Promotions of local sports are also important owing to the positive effects in activating the local community. This paper will examine two viewpoints of support community formations for local sports promotions. First, support community formations provide the possibility of obtaining necessary resources for local sports promotions. Second, support community formations provide the possibility to efficiently use limited resources and opportunities in order to effectively promote local sports.

It takes some money to do sports. The bearer of the fund will increase when the value of watching the games and having sports in the community rise. Everyone involved in sports should pay utmost effort to raise the value of sports. They should know that negative behaviors such as not yielding the seat to elderly or occupying the aisle are lowering the value of sports. It is important to reinforce the capacity of players aiming at 2020. It is also important to start tackling difficult problems at the same time. These are school sports activities of junior high school students and sports environment of disabled persons. Solving all economic task is within the task of sports business.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Flow experience and Sense of Coherence (SOC) with mediators of IKIGAI and Selfefficacy. The data of four hundred fifty three Tai Chi practitioners (mean age 67.3±8.6 years) by questioners were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicated that Flow experience may influence IKIGAI and Self-efficacy, and IKIGAI may influence SOC. The results also indicated that the longer the Tai Chi experience, the higher was the Flow experience.